In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a vectorial Boolean function.[1]
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In general, an S-box takes some number of input bits, m, and transforms them into some number of output bits, n, where n is not necessarily equal to m.[2] An m×n S-box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2m words of n bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key (e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms).
Example[edit]
One good example of a fixed table is the S-box from DES (S5), mapping 6-bit input into a 4-bit output:
| S5 | Middle 4 bits of input | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000 | 0001 | 0010 | 0011 | 0100 | 0101 | 0110 | 0111 | 1000 | 1001 | 1010 | 1011 | 1100 | 1101 | 1110 | 1111 | ||
| Outer bits | 00 | 0010 | 1100 | 0100 | 0001 | 0111 | 1010 | 1011 | 0110 | 1000 | 0101 | 0011 | 1111 | 1101 | 0000 | 1110 | 1001 |
| 01 | 1110 | 1011 | 0010 | 1100 | 0100 | 0111 | 1101 | 0001 | 0101 | 0000 | 1111 | 1010 | 0011 | 1001 | 1000 | 0110 | |
| 10 | 0100 | 0010 | 0001 | 1011 | 1010 | 1101 | 0111 | 1000 | 1111 | 1001 | 1100 | 0101 | 0110 | 0011 | 0000 | 1110 | |
| 11 | 1011 | 1000 | 1100 | 0111 | 0001 | 1110 | 0010 | 1101 | 0110 | 1111 | 0000 | 1001 | 1010 | 0100 | 0101 | 0011 | |
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Amada ap100 software. Deviance quake 4 keygen. Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits (the first and last bits), and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input '011011' has outer bits '01' and inner bits '1101'; the corresponding output would be '1001'.[3]
The eight S-boxes of DES were the subject of intense study for many years out of a concern that a backdoor (a vulnerability known only to its designers) might have been planted in the cipher. The S-box design criteria were eventually published (in Coppersmith 1994) after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned to increase resistance against this specific attack. Biham and Shamir found that even small modifications to an S-box could significantly weaken DES.[4]
Analysis and properties[edit]
There has been a great deal of research into the design of good S-boxes, and much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when DES was released.[citation needed]
Any S-box where any linear combination of output bits is produced by a bent function of the input bits is termed a perfect S-box.[5]
S-boxes can be analyzed using linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis in the form of a Linear Approximation Table (LAT) or Walsh transform and Difference Distribution Table (DDT) or autocorrelation table and spectrum. Its strength may be summarized by the nonlinearity (bent, almost bent) and differential uniformity (perfectly nonlinear, almost perfectly nonlinear).[6][7][8][1] Crack virtual sailor 7.5.
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See also[edit]
- Permutation box (P-box)
References[edit]
- ^ abCarlet, Claude (2010), Hammer, Peter L.; Crama, Yves (eds.), 'Vectorial Boolean Functions for Cryptography', Boolean Models and Methods in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Engineering, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 398–470, ISBN978-0-521-84752-0, retrieved 2021-04-30
- ^Chandrasekaran, J.; et al. (2011). 'A Chaos Based Approach for Improving Non Linearity in the S-box Design of Symmetric Key Cryptosystems'. In Meghanathan, N.; et al. (eds.). Advances in Networks and Communications: First International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, CCSIT 2011, Bangalore, India, January 2-4, 2011. Proceedings, Part 2. Springer. p. 516. ISBN978-3-642-17877-1.
- ^Buchmann, Johannes A. (2001). '5. DES'. Introduction to cryptography (Corr. 2. print. ed.). New York, NY [u.a.]: Springer. pp. 119–120. ISBN978-0-387-95034-1.
- ^Gargiulo's 'S-box Modifications and Their Effect in DES-like Encryption Systems'Archived 2012-05-20 at the Wayback Machinep. 9.
- ^RFC 4086.Section 5.3 'Using S-boxes for Mixing'
- ^Heys, Howard M. 'A Tutorial on Linear and Differential Cryptanalysis'(PDF).
- ^'S-Boxes and Their Algebraic Representations — Sage 9.2 Reference Manual: Cryptography'. doc.sagemath.org. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
- ^Saarinen, Markku-Juhani O. (2012). Miri, Ali; Vaudenay, Serge (eds.). 'Cryptographic Analysis of All 4 × 4-Bit S-Boxes'. Selected Areas in Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 7118: 118–133. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28496-0_7. ISBN978-3-642-28496-0.
Further reading[edit]
- Kaisa Nyberg (1991). Perfect nonlinear S-boxes(PDF). Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT '91. Brighton. pp. 378–386. Retrieved 2007-02-20.[permanent dead link]
- Coppersmith, Don (1994). 'The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks'. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 38 (3): 243–250. doi:10.1147/rd.383.0243.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- S. Mister and C. Adams (1996). Practical S-box Design. Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC '96) Workshop Record. Queen's University. pp. 61–76. CiteSeerX10.1.1.40.7715.
- Schneier, Bruce (1996). Applied Cryptography, Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 296–298, 349. ISBN978-0-471-11709-4.
- Chuck Easttom (2018). 'A Generalized Methodology for Designing Non-Linear Elements in Symmetric Cryptographic Primitives'. 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC). IEEE Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 2018 IEEE 8th Annual. IEEE. pp. 444–449. doi:10.1109/CCWC.2018.8301643. ISBN978-1-5386-4649-6. S2CID3659645.
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